Editor’s Note (2026):
This article analyzes the 2023 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule. While newer Medicare updates have been implemented, the work RVU changes discussed here remain embedded in current productivity benchmarks, compensation models, and fair market value (FMV) analyses. Understanding this shift is essential to interpreting physician compensation trends today.
The 2023 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule was released on November 1, 2022. The final rule includes CPT code changes recommended by the American Medical Association (AMA). The changes are numerous and vary in type, but the result is an overall increase in work Relative Value Units (RVUs) for nearly all physicians who provide evaluation and management (E&M) services in hospitals and nursing facilities.
Key Takeaways
- The 2023 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule adjusts CPT codes as per AMA recommendations, raising work RVUs for most hospital and nursing facility-based physicians.
- Significant updates to work RVU values for specific E&M services include notable increases for commonly used billing codes.
- Code restructuring merges several hospital observation and home visit service codes, affecting billing practices across specialties.
- These changes continue to impact specialties differently in 2026, as they are now embedded in productivity benchmarks and compensation models.
2023 Inpatient E&M Code Changes
The Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule (2023 Final Rule) includes both increases and decreases in work RVU values for E&M services provided in hospital and nursing facility settings. Generally, the most used billing codes (99232, 99233, 99308, and 99309) within this subset realized double digit increases in work RVUs.
Note: These values reflect the 2023 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule and continue to serve as a baseline for subsequent updates and compensation benchmarking.
Table 1: Proposed 2023 E&M Code Updates
| CPT/HCPCS | DESCRIPTION | 2022 Work RVUs | 2023p Work RVUs | Work RVU % Change |
| 99221 | Initial hospital care | 1.92 | 1.63 | -15% |
| 99222 | Initial hospital care | 2.61 | 2.60 | 0% |
| 99223 | Initial hospital care | 3.86 | 3.50 | -9% |
| 99231 | Subsequent hospital care | 0.76 | 1.00 | 32% |
| 99232 | Subsequent hospital care | 1.39 | 1.59 | 14% |
| 99233 | Subsequent hospital care | 2 | 2.40 | 20% |
| 99234 | Observ/hosp same date | 2.56 | 2.00 | -22% |
| 99235 | Observ/hosp same date | 3.24 | 3.24 | 0% |
| 99236 | Observ/hosp same date | 4.2 | 4.30 | 2% |
| 99238 | Hospital discharge day | 1.28 | 1.50 | 17% |
| 99239 | Hospital discharge day | 1.9 | 2.15 | 13% |
| 99304 | Nursing facility care init | 1.64 | 1.50 | -9% |
| 99305 | Nursing facility care init | 2.35 | 2.50 | 6% |
| 99306 | Nursing facility care init | 3.06 | 3.50 | 14% |
| 99307 | Nursing fac care subseq | 0.76 | 0.70 | -8% |
| 99308 | Nursing fac care subseq | 1.16 | 1.30 | 12% |
| 99309 | Nursing fac care subseq | 1.55 | 1.92 | 24% |
| 99310 | Nursing fac care subseq | 2.35 | 2.80 | 19% |
| 99315 | Nursing fac discharge day | 1.28 | 1.50 | 17% |
| 99316 | Nursing fac discharge day | 1.9 | 2.50 | 32% |
Source: Comparison of 2023 Final Rule to RVU22C
The work RVU changes in the 2023 Final Rule are more complex than those in the 2021 Final Rule. The 2021 Final Rule only increased work RVUs for seven outpatient services codes. Forecasting the 2023 Final Rule accurately requires crosswalking many deleted codes with substitute codes. The AMA and Medicare have deleted hospital observation E&M procedure codes and merged those services into the codes for hospital inpatient E&M services. Visit codes for E&M services in assisted living and custodial care facilities are also being consolidated into the general home visit service codes.
Table 2: 2023 Deleted Codes & Substitutes
| Deleted Codes | Substitute Codes | Deleted Description | Substitute Descriptions |
| 99217 | 99238 | Observation care discharge | Hospital discharge day (<=30 min) |
| 99218 | 99221 | Initial observation care | Initial hospital care (>= 40 min) |
| 99219 | 99222 | Initial observation care | Initial hospital care (>=55 min) |
| 99220 | 99223 | Initial observation care | Initial hospital care (>=75 min) |
| 99224 | 99231 | Subsequent observation care | Subsequent hospital care (>=25 min) |
| 99225 | 99232 | Subsequent observation care | Subsequent hospital care (>=35 min) |
| 99226 | 99233 | Subsequent observation care | Subsequent hospital care (>=50 min) |
| 99241 | 99242 | Office consultation | Office consultation (>=20 min) |
| 99251 | 99252 | Inpatient consultation | Inpatient consultation (>=35 min) |
| 99324 | 99341 | Domicil/r-home visit new pat | Home visit new patient (>=15 min) |
| 99325 | 99342 | Domicil/r-home visit new pat | Home visit new patient (>=30 min) |
| 99326 | 99342 | Domicil/r-home visit new pat | Home visit new patient (>=30 min) |
| 99327 | 99344 | Domicil/r-home visit new pat | Home visit new patient (>=60 min) |
| 99328 | 99345 | Domicil/r-home visit new pat | Home visit new patient (>=75 min) |
| 99334 | 99347 | Domicil/r-home visit est pat | Home visit est patient (>=20 min) |
| 99335 | 99348 | Domicil/r-home visit est pat | Home visit est patient (>=30 min) |
| 99336 | 99349 | Domicil/r-home visit est pat | Home visit est patient (>=40 min) |
| 99337 | 99350 | Domicil/r-home visit est pat | Home visit est patient (>=60 min) |
| 99343 | 99342 | Home visit new patient | Home visit new patient (>=30 min) |
| 99354 | 99417 | Prolng svc o/p 1st hour | Prolong office/outpatient e/m each 15 min |
| 99355 | 99417 | Prolng svc o/p ea addl 30 | Prolong office/outpatient e/m each 15 min |
| 99356 | 993X0 | Prolng svc i/p/obs 1st hour | Prolong inpatient/observation e/m each 15 min |
| 99357 | 993X0 | Prolng svc i/p/obs ea addl 30 min | Prolong inpatient/observation e/m each 15 min |
Source: AMA CPT Evaluation and Management Code and Guideline Changes
2023 Overall Medicare Work RVU Impact by Specialty
LBMC calculated the overall work RVU impact of the 2023 Final Rule changes by specialty by applying the new work RVU values to the billing data contained in the public 2019 Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment data set.
This analysis indicates that hospitalists, infectious disease physicians, geriatricians, PM&R, hematologists, psychiatrists, internists, palliative care, and other specialists who practice in hospital and nursing facilities will realize the most increases in work RVUs from the 2023 Final Rule changes. Advanced Practice Providers (APPs) specializing in geriatrics, acute medicine, mental health, and other facility-based specialties are similarly affected.
When combined with the 2021 outpatient E&M changes, dozens of specialties were projected to realize double-digit increases in work RVUs.
Table 3: Estimated Overall Changes in Work RVUs by Specialty
| Self Identified Primary Specialty | 2020-2021 Overall wRVU % Change | 2022-2023 Overall wRVU % Change | 2020-2023 Overall wRVU % Change |
| Hospitalist | 0.4% | 9.2% | 9.7% |
| Internal Medicine – Infectious Disease | 3.1% | 7.7% | 11.0% |
| Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | 5.3% | 6.8% | 12.3% |
| Internal Medicine – Hospice and Palliative Medicine | 3.4% | 6.6% | 10.3% |
| Psychiatry & Neurology – Geriatric Psychiatry | 8.9% | 6.1% | 15.5% |
| Family Medicine – Geriatric Medicine | 8.9% | 6.1% | 16.1% |
| Internal Medicine – Geriatric Medicine | 9.9% | 6.0% | 17.3% |
| Family Medicine – Hospice and Palliative Medicine | 3.8% | 5.4% | 9.6% |
| Internal Medicine – Hematology | 15.1% | 4.8% | 20.5% |
| Psychiatry & Neurology – Psychiatry | 12.1% | 4.6% | 17.3% |
| Internal Medicine | 12.6% | 4.4% | 18.3% |
| Surgery – Trauma Surgery | 0.9% | 4.3% | 5.2% |
| Surgery – Surgical Critical Care | 0.7% | 4.2% | 5.0% |
| Internal Medicine – Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology | 6.9% | 4.1% | 11.5% |
| Internal Medicine – Pulmonary Disease | 7.0% | 4.1% | 11.5% |
| Psychiatry & Neurology – Psychosomatic Medicine | 11.1% | 3.9% | 15.5% |
| Internal Medicine – Critical Care Medicine | 2.6% | 3.9% | 6.6% |
Note: Overall wRVU % change by specialty does not reflect the skewed impact within specialties.
Disclaimer: No estimate is made for changes in existing coding patterns other than substitutes.
In 2026, these work RVU changes are fully reflected in major compensation surveys such as MGMA and SullivanCotter. As a result, year-over-year productivity comparisons may appear inflated if organizations do not normalize for the 2021 and 2023 E&M changes.
Highly Variable Work RVU Impacts within Specialties
The overall work RVU increases projected in the previous section do not reflect the expected variation in work RVU changes among physicians within each specialty. The 2023 Final Rule includes both increases and decreases in work RVUs among the CPT codes affected. The severity and complexity of patient illnesses varies from physician-to-physician within each specialty. The proportion of E&M services provided in hospitals, offices, and nursing facilities can also vary substantially within specialties like hospital medicine, psychiatry, and geriatrics.
For example, the table below summarizes the separate and combined changes for the 2021 Final Rule and 2023 Final Rule. The percentage changes from 2020 to 2021 in the left-most column illustrate the distribution of work RVU increases exclusively for outpatient E&M services. The percentage changes from 2022 to 2023 in the center column illustrate the distribution of work RVU increases exclusively for inpatient E&M services. The percentage changes in the right-most column illustrate the combined effects of both the 2021 and 2023 rules. Predictably, the sample of 13,529 hospitalists analyzed in the following table were not impacted by the 2021 outpatient E&M work RVU changes at all. The variation of inpatient E&M service severity and coding among these hospitalists yields a wide range of estimated effects from 2% decreases in work RVUs at the 10th percentile to 15% increases in work RVUs at the 90th percentile.
Table 4: Estimated Work RVU Change Variability within Hospital Medicine (n=13,529)
| 2020-2021 wRVU % Change | 2022-2023 wRVU % Change | 2020-2023 wRVU % Change | |
| 10th | 0.0% | -2.4% | -2.2% |
| 25th | 0.0% | 7.1% | 7.8% |
| 50th | 0.0% | 10.4% | 10.8% |
| 75th | 0.0% | 12.9% | 13.2% |
| 90th | 0.0% | 14.9% | 15.4% |
Disclaimer: No estimate is made for changes in existing coding patterns other than substitutes
Forecasts estimate about half of physicians practicing Geriatric Medicine will realize increases in work RVUs during 2023 as a result of E&M updates for both inpatient and nursing facility services. When combined with the prior outpatient E&M changes from 2021, nearly all geriatricians are forecast to experience work RVU increases from 2020 to 2023.
Table 5: Estimated Work RVU Change Variability within Geriatric Medicine (n=3,013)
| 2020-2021 wRVU % Change | 2022-2023 wRVU % Change | 2020-2023 wRVU % Change | |
| 10th | 0.0% | 0.0% | 6.6% |
| 25th | 0.0% | 0.0% | 12.6% |
| 50th | 10.1% | 3.2% | 18.8% |
| 75th | 23.9% | 10.1% | 25.3% |
| 90th | 28.5% | 16.0% | 29.0% |
Disclaimer: No estimate is made for changes in existing coding patterns other than substitutes
Adapting to Changes in Work RVU Production, Compensation & Reimbursement
In 2026, organizations are no longer preparing for these changes—they are operating within them. Many healthcare systems are now reassessing compensation models, productivity thresholds, and fair market value (FMV) assumptions to ensure legacy RVU shifts are not unintentionally driving over- or under-compensation.
The 2023 Medicare work RVU updates continue to influence physician compensation and productivity benchmarking today. Because many compensation models rely on historical wRVU data, organizations must carefully evaluate whether increases reflect true productivity gains or structural changes in RVU valuation.
LBMC Advisory Services helps healthcare organizations navigate the ongoing impact of Medicare reimbursement changes through compensation planning, re-benchmarking, normalization, and fair market value analysis.
For more information, contact Justin Conant, Healthcare Consulting Senior Manager, LBMC, PC.
